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SED(1) User Commands SED(1)
NNAAMMEE
sed - stream editor for filtering and transforming text
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
sseedd [_O_P_T_I_O_N]... _{_s_c_r_i_p_t_-_o_n_l_y_-_i_f_-_n_o_-_o_t_h_e_r_-_s_c_r_i_p_t_} [_i_n_p_u_t_-_f_i_l_e]...
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
_S_e_d is a stream editor. A stream editor is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline). While in some ways sim‐
ilar to an editor which permits scripted edits (such as _e_d), _s_e_d works by making only one pass over the input(s), and is consequently more efficient. But it is
_s_e_d's ability to filter text in a pipeline which particularly distinguishes it from other types of editors.
--nn, ----qquuiieett, ----ssiilleenntt
suppress automatic printing of pattern space
----ddeebbuugg
annotate program execution
--ee script, ----eexxpprreessssiioonn=_s_c_r_i_p_t
add the script to the commands to be executed
--ff script-file, ----ffiillee=_s_c_r_i_p_t_-_f_i_l_e
add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed
----ffoollllooww--ssyymmlliinnkkss
follow symlinks when processing in place
--ii[[SSUUFFFFIIXX]], ----iinn--ppllaaccee[=_S_U_F_F_I_X]
edit files in place (makes backup if SUFFIX supplied)
--ll N, ----lliinnee--lleennggtthh=_N
specify the desired line-wrap length for the `l' command
----ppoossiixx
disable all GNU extensions.
--EE, --rr, ----rreeggeexxpp--eexxtteennddeedd
use extended regular expressions in the script (for portability use POSIX --EE).
--ss, ----sseeppaarraattee
consider files as separate rather than as a single, continuous long stream.
----ssaannddbbooxx
operate in sandbox mode (disable e/r/w commands).
--uu, ----uunnbbuuffffeerreedd
load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush the output buffers more often
--zz, ----nnuullll--ddaattaa
separate lines by NUL characters
----hheellpp
display this help and exit
----vveerrssiioonn
output version information and exit
If no --ee, ----eexxpprreessssiioonn, --ff, or ----ffiillee option is given, then the first non-option argument is taken as the sed script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names
of input files; if no input files are specified, then the standard input is read.
GNU sed home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>. General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>. E-mail bug reports to: <bug-sed@gnu.org>.
CCOOMMMMAANNDD SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
This is just a brief synopsis of _s_e_d commands to serve as a reminder to those who already know _s_e_d; other documentation (such as the texinfo document) must be con‐
sulted for fuller descriptions.
ZZeerroo--aaddddrreessss ````ccoommmmaannddss''''
: _l_a_b_e_l
Label for bb and tt commands.
#_c_o_m_m_e_n_t
The comment extends until the next newline (or the end of a --ee script fragment).
} The closing bracket of a { } block.
ZZeerroo-- oorr OOnnee-- aaddddrreessss ccoommmmaannddss
= Print the current line number.
a \
_t_e_x_t Append _t_e_x_t, which has each embedded newline preceded by a backslash.
i \
_t_e_x_t Insert _t_e_x_t, which has each embedded newline preceded by a backslash.
q [_e_x_i_t_-_c_o_d_e]
Immediately quit the _s_e_d script without processing any more input, except that if auto-print is not disabled the current pattern space will be printed. The
exit code argument is a GNU extension.
Q [_e_x_i_t_-_c_o_d_e]
Immediately quit the _s_e_d script without processing any more input. This is a GNU extension.
r _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
Append text read from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.
R _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
Append a line read from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. Each invocation of the command reads a line from the file. This is a GNU extension.
CCoommmmaannddss wwhhiicchh aacccceepptt aaddddrreessss rraannggeess
{ Begin a block of commands (end with a }).
b _l_a_b_e_l
Branch to _l_a_b_e_l; if _l_a_b_e_l is omitted, branch to end of script.
c \
_t_e_x_t Replace the selected lines with _t_e_x_t, which has each embedded newline preceded by a backslash.
d Delete pattern space. Start next cycle.
D If pattern space contains no newline, start a normal new cycle as if the d command was issued. Otherwise, delete text in the pattern space up to the first
newline, and restart cycle with the resultant pattern space, without reading a new line of input.
h H Copy/append pattern space to hold space.
g G Copy/append hold space to pattern space.
l List out the current line in a ``visually unambiguous'' form.
l _w_i_d_t_h
List out the current line in a ``visually unambiguous'' form, breaking it at _w_i_d_t_h characters. This is a GNU extension.
n N Read/append the next line of input into the pattern space.
p Print the current pattern space.
P Print up to the first embedded newline of the current pattern space.
s/_r_e_g_e_x_p/_r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t/
Attempt to match _r_e_g_e_x_p against the pattern space. If successful, replace that portion matched with _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t. The _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t may contain the special
character && to refer to that portion of the pattern space which matched, and the special escapes \1 through \9 to refer to the corresponding matching sub-ex‐
pressions in the _r_e_g_e_x_p.
t _l_a_b_e_l
If a s/// has done a successful substitution since the last input line was read and since the last t or T command, then branch to _l_a_b_e_l; if _l_a_b_e_l is omitted,
branch to end of script.
T _l_a_b_e_l
If no s/// has done a successful substitution since the last input line was read and since the last t or T command, then branch to _l_a_b_e_l; if _l_a_b_e_l is omitted,
branch to end of script. This is a GNU extension.
w _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
Write the current pattern space to _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.
W _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
Write the first line of the current pattern space to _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. This is a GNU extension.
x Exchange the contents of the hold and pattern spaces.
y/_s_o_u_r_c_e/_d_e_s_t/
Transliterate the characters in the pattern space which appear in _s_o_u_r_c_e to the corresponding character in _d_e_s_t.
AAddddrreesssseess
_S_e_d commands can be given with no addresses, in which case the command will be executed for all input lines; with one address, in which case the command will only be
executed for input lines which match that address; or with two addresses, in which case the command will be executed for all input lines which match the inclusive
range of lines starting from the first address and continuing to the second address. Three things to note about address ranges: the syntax is _a_d_d_r_1,_a_d_d_r_2 (i.e., the
addresses are separated by a comma); the line which _a_d_d_r_1 matched will always be accepted, even if _a_d_d_r_2 selects an earlier line; and if _a_d_d_r_2 is a _r_e_g_e_x_p, it will
not be tested against the line that _a_d_d_r_1 matched.
After the address (or address-range), and before the command, a !! may be inserted, which specifies that the command shall only be executed if the address (or ad‐
dress-range) does nnoott match.
The following address types are supported:
_n_u_m_b_e_r Match only the specified line _n_u_m_b_e_r (which increments cumulatively across files, unless the --ss option is specified on the command line).
_f_i_r_s_t~_s_t_e_p
Match every _s_t_e_p'th line starting with line _f_i_r_s_t. For example, ``sed -n 1~2p'' will print all the odd-numbered lines in the input stream, and the address
2~5 will match every fifth line, starting with the second. _f_i_r_s_t can be zero; in this case, _s_e_d operates as if it were equal to _s_t_e_p. (This is an exten‐
sion.)
$ Match the last line.
/_r_e_g_e_x_p/
Match lines matching the regular expression _r_e_g_e_x_p. Matching is performed on the current pattern space, which can be modified with commands such as ``s///''.
\cc_r_e_g_e_x_pcc
Match lines matching the regular expression _r_e_g_e_x_p. The cc may be any character.
GNU _s_e_d also supports some special 2-address forms:
0,_a_d_d_r_2
Start out in "matched first address" state, until _a_d_d_r_2 is found. This is similar to 1,_a_d_d_r_2, except that if _a_d_d_r_2 matches the very first line of input the
0,_a_d_d_r_2 form will be at the end of its range, whereas the 1,_a_d_d_r_2 form will still be at the beginning of its range. This works only when _a_d_d_r_2 is a regular
expression.
_a_d_d_r_1,+_N
Will match _a_d_d_r_1 and the _N lines following _a_d_d_r_1.
_a_d_d_r_1,~_N
Will match _a_d_d_r_1 and the lines following _a_d_d_r_1 until the next line whose input line number is a multiple of _N.
RREEGGUULLAARR EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
POSIX.2 BREs _s_h_o_u_l_d be supported, but they aren't completely because of performance problems. The \\nn sequence in a regular expression matches the newline character,
and similarly for \\aa, \\tt, and other sequences. The _-_E option switches to using extended regular expressions instead; it has been supported for years by GNU sed, and
is now included in POSIX.
BBUUGGSS
E-mail bug reports to bbuugg--sseedd@@ggnnuu..oorrgg. Also, please include the output of ``sed --version'' in the body of your report if at all possible.
AAUUTTHHOORR
Written by Jay Fenlason, Tom Lord, Ken Pizzini, Paolo Bonzini, Jim Meyering, and Assaf Gordon.
This sed program was built with SELinux support. SELinux is enabled on this system.
GNU sed home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>. General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>. E-mail bug reports to: <bug-sed@gnu.org>.
CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
Copyright © 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
aawwkk(1), eedd(1), ggrreepp(1), ttrr(1), ppeerrllrree(1), sed.info, any of various books on _s_e_d, the _s_e_d FAQ (http://sed.sf.net/grabbag/tutorials/sedfaq.txt),
http://sed.sf.net/grabbag/.
The full documentation for sseedd is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the iinnffoo and sseedd programs are properly installed at your site, the command
iinnffoo sseedd
should give you access to the complete manual.
sed 4.8 January 2020 SED(1)