144 lines
8.5 KiB
Plaintext
144 lines
8.5 KiB
Plaintext
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1) ls ./GLOB/gLob *[[:upper:]]
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44patterN patterN paTTerN pAtterN Pattern4
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2) ls -dGLOB/*[[:upper:]]*
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3) ls -d GLOB/?[[:digit:]]*
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4) ls -d GLOB/*[[:digit:]][[:digit:]]*
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II-
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1)
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Pathname Expansion
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After word splitting, unless the -f option has been set, bash scans
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each word for the characters *, ?, and [. If one of these characters
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appears, and is not quoted, then the word is regarded as a pattern, and
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replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of filenames matching the
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pattern (see Pattern Matching below). If no matching filenames are
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found, and the shell option nullglob is not enabled, the word is left
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unchanged. If the nullglob option is set, and no matches are found,
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the word is removed. If the failglob shell option is set, and no
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matches are found, an error message is printed and the command is not
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executed. If the shell option nocaseglob is enabled, the match is per‐
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formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a
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pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character ``.'' at the
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start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched ex‐
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plicitly, unless the shell option dotglob is set. The filenames ``.''
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and ``..'' must always be matched explicitly, even if dotglob is set.
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In other cases, the ``.'' character is not treated specially. When
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matching a pathname, the slash character must always be matched explic‐
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itly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can
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be matched by a special pattern character as described below under Pat‐
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tern Matching. See the description of shopt below under SHELL BUILTIN
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COMMANDS for a description of the nocaseglob, nullglob, failglob, and
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dotglob shell options.
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The GLOBIGNORE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file
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names matching a pattern. If GLOBIGNORE is set, each matching file
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name that also matches one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE is removed
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from the list of matches. If the nocaseglob option is set, the match‐
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ing against the patterns in GLOBIGNORE is performed without regard to
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case. The filenames ``.'' and ``..'' are always ignored when GLOBIG‐
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NORE is set and not null. However, setting GLOBIGNORE to a non-null
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value has the effect of enabling the dotglob shell option, so all other
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filenames beginning with a ``.'' will match. To get the old behavior
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of ignoring filenames beginning with a ``.'', make ``.*'' one of the
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patterns in GLOBIGNORE. The dotglob option is disabled when GLOBIGNORE
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is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the extglob shell
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option.
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Pattern Matching
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Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
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characters described below, matches itself. The NUL character may not
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occur in a pattern. A backslash escapes the following character; the
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escaping backslash is discarded when matching. The special pattern
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characters must be quoted if they are to be matched literally.
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The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
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* Matches any string, including the null string. When the
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globstar shell option is enabled, and * is used in a
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pathname expansion context, two adjacent *s used as a
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single pattern will match all files and zero or more di‐
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rectories and subdirectories. If followed by a /, two
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adjacent *s will match only directories and subdirecto‐
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ries.
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? Matches any single character.
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[...] Matches any one of the enclosed characters. A pair of
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characters separated by a hyphen denotes a range expres‐
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sion; any character that falls between those two charac‐
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ters, inclusive, using the current locale's collating se‐
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quence and character set, is matched. If the first char‐
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acter following the [ is a ! or a ^ then any character
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not enclosed is matched. The sorting order of characters
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in range expressions is determined by the current locale
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and the values of the LC_COLLATE or LC_ALL shell vari‐
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ables, if set. To obtain the traditional interpretation
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of range expressions, where [a-d] is equivalent to
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[abcd], set value of the LC_ALL shell variable to C, or
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enable the globasciiranges shell option. A - may be
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matched by including it as the first or last character in
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the set. A ] may be matched by including it as the first
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character in the set.
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Within [ and ], character classes can be specified using
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the syntax [:class:], where class is one of the following
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classes defined in the POSIX standard:
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alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print
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punct space upper word xdigit
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A character class matches any character belonging to that
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class. The word character class matches letters, digits,
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and the character _.
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Within [ and ], an equivalence class can be specified us‐
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ing the syntax [=c=], which matches all characters with
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the same collation weight (as defined by the current lo‐
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cale) as the character c.
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Within [ and ], the syntax [.symbol.] matches the collat‐
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ing symbol symbol.
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If the extglob shell option is enabled using the shopt builtin, several
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extended pattern matching operators are recognized. In the following
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description, a pattern-list is a list of one or more patterns separated
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by a |. Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the fol‐
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lowing sub-patterns:
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?(pattern-list)
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Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
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*(pattern-list)
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Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
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+(pattern-list)
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Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
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@(pattern-list)
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Matches one of the given patterns
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!(pattern-list)
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Matches anything except one of the given patterns
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Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, es‐
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pecially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings contain
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multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, or
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using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be faster.
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2) shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt
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builtin.
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shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
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Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav‐
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ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the
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-o option is used, those available with the -o option to the set
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builtin command. With no options, or with the -p option, a list
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of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of
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whether or not each is set; if optnames are supplied, the output
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is restricted to those options. The -p option causes output to
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be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other op‐
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tions have the following meanings:
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-s Enable (set) each optname.
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-u Disable (unset) each optname.
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-q Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
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indicates whether the optname is set or unset. If multi‐
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ple optname arguments are given with -q, the return sta‐
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tus is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero other‐
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wise.
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-o Restricts the values of optname to be those defined for
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the -o option to the set builtin.
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